雙絞線,Twisted Pair wire,是綜合布線工程中常用的一種傳輸介質。雙絞線由兩根具有絕緣保護層的銅導線組成。把兩根絕緣的銅導線按一定密度互相絞在一起,可降低信號干擾的程度,每一根導線在傳輸中輻射的電波會被另一根線上發出的電波抵消。雙絞線一般由兩根22~26號絕緣銅導線相互纏繞而成。如果把一對或多對雙絞線放在一個絕緣套管中便成了雙絞線電纜。在雙絞線電纜(也稱雙扭線電纜)內,不同線對具有不同的扭絞長度,一般地說,扭絞長度在38.1cm至14cm內,按逆時針方向扭絞,相臨線對的扭絞長度在12.7cm以上。
1產生背景
在智能大廈綜合布線中,安防系統具有非常重要的地位。在傳統的設計和施工中,往往將網絡布線與安防監控布線分開考慮,由于使用的介質差異使人們無法將它們很好地統一到一起。但是在大廈的安防監控點不斷增加的情況下,較為粗硬的同軸電纜布線數量增多會占用大量的管道資源,而且布線難度很大,況且在樓內或大樓周圍布線的長度過大時還會引起圖像質量的下降。
2技術特點
新的布線技術的出發點就是將網絡布線與安防布線盡量統一到一個平臺上,減少布線的難度和造價。在這種布線技術中采用網絡布線中廣泛使用的非屏蔽電纜(如5類纜)來傳輸圖像信號,同時利用非屏蔽電纜中的空余線對為是攝像機供電。為實現這種技術需要使用兩種關鍵的設備:雙絞線視頻傳輸設備和遠程供電器。
3雙絞線傳輸視頻信號的基本原理
視頻信號在雙絞線內傳輸要解決兩個問題:阻抗匹配和衰減補償。
標準視頻信號接口一般是75Ω、非平衡方式,而雙絞線傳輸時是100Ω、平衡方式,這樣用雙絞線傳輸視頻信號就要設法解決75Ω←→100Ω以及非平衡←→平衡的轉換問題。有兩種方法可以完成這種轉換:一種是采用傳輸變壓器的無源方式,它無須供電,但是會對信號有一定損失,驅動能力有限;另外一種是采用有源方式,通過寬帶放大器和專用芯片,不僅可以完成阻抗和平衡方式的轉換,而且可以提供較強的驅動和對圖像信號的放大補償,缺點是需要供電才能工作。
另外,視頻信號是一種高頻寬帶信號,帶寬達到6MHz,如果直接在雙絞線內傳輸,信號的幅度會受到較大的衰減,在監視器上表現為圖像的色彩變淡以及亮度變暗。因此,視頻信號在雙絞線上要傳輸較遠距離必須進行放大和補償,以保證圖像質量。
雙絞線視頻傳輸設備就是用來完成以上功能的,考慮到智能大廈的特點,樓內的監控點到中心控制室一般不會超過二、三百米,可以采用兩種雙絞線傳輸方案。種是在前端攝像機處使用無源發射設備,而中心控制室使用有源接收設備,可以對圖像信號進行放大補償。第二種是收發兩端都使用有源設備,可以保證更好的圖像傳輸質量,但是需要在前端對雙絞線發射設備供電。
4雙絞線簡介
雙絞線可以分為屏蔽雙絞線(STP)與非屏蔽雙絞線(UTP)兩大類。
其中屏蔽雙絞線分別有3類和5類二種,非屏蔽雙絞線又分別有3類、4類、5類、超5類甚至6類等多種。3類雙絞線的速率為10Mb/S,5類雙絞線的速率可達100Mb/S,超5類更可達155Mb/s以上,只能有五類或超五類才能上100Base-TX。屏蔽雙絞線因為電纜的外層有一層鋁泊包裹用以減小輻射,制作比較麻煩,再加上價線較非屏蔽雙絞線貴,所以我們在10Base-T或100Base-TX網絡中常用的是非屏蔽5類和超5類雙絞線。
5雙絞線傳輸圖像的優點
雙絞線在很多工業控制需要中和干擾較大的場所以及遠距離傳輸中都有使用,應用廣泛的局域網也是使用了雙絞線對,它具有抗*力強、傳輸距離遠、布線容易、節省空間、價格低廉等等優點。目前通過采用*的技術和專用芯片,已經能夠在雙絞線上傳輸高質量的圖像信號。
⒈布線方便,線纜利用率高。
樓宇大廈內廣泛鋪設的非屏蔽雙絞線任取一對就可以傳送一路視頻信號,由于一根5類纜內有4個雙絞線對,因此可以傳輸4路視頻圖像,這對于監控點多、需要密集布線的樓宇大廈來說,無疑大大減輕了布線施工的難度。另外4對雙絞線中的1對傳送視頻信號,其余的還可以傳輸音頻信號、控制信號、電源等,提供了電纜的利用率,避免了各種信號單獨布線帶來的麻煩,減少了工程造價,克服了同軸電纜布線困難、占用管道資源多的缺點,使綜合布線的種類更趨統一化。
⒉抗*力強。
雙絞線能有效地抑制共模干擾,即使在強干擾環境下,雙絞線也能傳送*的圖像信號。例如樓宇的電梯、設備房等處都會存在很強的干擾,處于鬧市區的建筑物也會受到來自周圍環境的各種干擾,雙絞線的強抗*力比同軸電纜既有更大的優勢。
⒊可行性高、使用方便。
利用雙絞線傳輸視頻信號,在前端要接入專用發射機,在控制中心要接入專用接收機。這種雙絞線傳輸設備價格便宜,使用簡單,工作穩定。
⒋總體造價降低。
5類非屏蔽電纜在目前的智能樓宇綜合布線中被廣泛使用,其價格比同軸電纜要低,隨著5類纜在通信中的大量應用,價格還會進一步下降,因此使用雙絞線的經濟性和便利性更為突出。
⒌實時傳輸,即時監控。
雙絞線傳送的圖像信號采用的是模擬信號技術,保證了監控系統的實時性,在控制室可以實時監控現場的圖像。
6遠程供電器
在智能大廈安防工程中,攝像機的供電是必須考慮的。攝像機數量的增加使供電線路變得復雜。如果能結合網絡布線將攝像機的供電和圖像信號傳輸一起進行考慮,則大大節省了布線資源、提率。另外如果在已經布線完畢的大廈中增加新的監控點,對攝像機的供電就更加困難。
遠程供電器可以通過RJ45接口利用5類纜內的空余雙絞線對為攝像機提供一、二百米以內的直流供電,使攝像機的供電與圖像信號可以同在一根5類纜中傳輸,解決了攝像機集中遠程供電的問題。
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